International Journal Of Management Science -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The International Journal Of Management Science? Answer: Presentation The size of the firm whether enormous or little isn't the worry in the advanced universe of business. What makes a difference is that there ought to be clear cognizance among the directors in regards to the expense. It is basic to have and keep up a sound comprehension of the different strategies for costing since it will be useful and better to find the difficulties that occur in the exchange (Hemmer and Labro 2016). This investigation that into thought the TDABC and the comprehension of the exceptional qualities. The report further focuses on the manners in which that will discover the techniques under which the TDABC will be unique in relation to the ABC model costing and the Traditional strategies for ABC costing. This investigation will additionally evaluate the costing framework that is related with the usage of the model in West ranchers Ltd. Portrayal of the Clients firm The West ranchers Ltd. is known as one of the main organizations of Australia that is related with the development of materials and in the regions of lime producing. Adelaide Brighton Ltd. is locked in with the way toward assembling and providing wide scope of products worried about developing the foundation, handling of building materials all through the domains of Australia. The exercises of the firm comprised of assembling, importation and conveying concrete, solid, lime products and premixed concrete. West ranchers Ltd. has a wide base of operational offices that incited the gracefully of materials to the clients. This organization sorted out a decent creation limit so as to satisfy the needs of the clients all through the nation (Campbell 2017). It permitted the association to offer the gracefully of bundled materials and the flexibly of the coordinations in all the locales of Australia and Asia. Elaboration of the Time-Driven Activity Based Costing and its fundamentals The Activity based philosophy of costing is by and by saw and rewarded as a total strategy for costing (Kalpan et al. 2014). Along these lines, the model experiences a measure of analysis for the methodology that is being attempted with a few such of the ABC costing have quit utilizing this strategy. The first methodology of ABC costing gives a more noteworthy arrangement of costing. The assortment of items and administrations under the new model of Time Driven Activity based costing strategy will have the ability to consolidate a lot of varieties and confusions by offering an improved nature of data overlooking the limitations connected with the plan of ABC costing. Cutting edge clients center around the business creations by creating and giving a wide scope of items that will offer their help to the enormous request and channels of following the requests at different degrees of specialized help. As expressed by Velasquez, Suomala and Jrvenp, there is an expansion in the most extrem e number of shoppers (Mrtl and Schmied 2016). These shoppers need a suitable administration of client information alongside the organization of the benefit created by them. The strategy for ABC costing has pulled in the convergence of various costing approach among the items that shifts from as far as possible, custom and standard items. TDABC framework helped in offering better data in regards to the income and the recurrence of benefits by showing the distinctions in the cost technique among the clients that has lower request and simplicity of administration than the ones that has more prominent interest with the inclinations of complex client (Armitage, Webb and Glynn 2016). In view of the time required in playing out the action of the technique for TDABC can perceive the total of each unit or strategy together alongside the assignment of cost to the asset gathering. It has been noticed, that the interest for TDABC can figure the measure of assets that have been discharged (Phan, Baird and Su 2017). TDABC strategy for costing has been fruitful in catching the different attributes of action through the time condition that normally requires some serious energy according to the action. The TDABC technique for costing is in this way saw as the capacity of different highlights. Following are the attributes of the Time Driven Activity Based Costing: The underlying quality of TDABC costing is effectively comprehendible and makes the model exact. The model of TDABC helps with offering perceivability during the procedure of use limit. Time Driven Activity Based Costing technique drives the expense into the activity, orders and intensive handling of clients, materials and requests (Cooper 2017). TDABC runs on a month to month premise to follow the economies of the current business capacities. The model of TDABC consolidates a compelling path with the data that is accessible from the ERP and the client relationship the executives that makes the arrangement of TDABC lively. The model of TDABC is useful in speculating the assets of interest. It will empower the association in making the financial plan for asset limit in regard of the foreseen capacity to request and intricacy. Contrasts between ABC, TDABC and Traditional costing framework In the current circumstance, the arrangement of TDABC helping in offering varieties of the ABC model because of the capacity of simple execution of the reasons that is expected to make products and enterprises that are sold in the market. Customary arrangement of costing relegates the item overhead connected with the limit of the cost driver, essentially the immediate work hours that are expected to make the item (Otley 2016). A significant component that causes the expense to occur is cost driver. For example, direct work hours, machine hours and direct material hours that are remembered for assembling the items. In the ABC strategy for costing, the expense happened in assembling the items are disseminated for the exercises that is fundamental to make the thing. Despite what might be expected, the model of TDABC helped in simple estimation of the productivity of the items involved in assembling the item at a given degree of limit against the utilization (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu 2017). Be that as it may, the cost condition helped in giving less exorbitant framework than the customary strategy for ABC costing. The Time Driven Based Costing framework is known as efficient and sensible than the ABC technique for costing (Mahal and Hossain 2015). The central explanation behind this is the strategies makes the technique for costing simple and reduces the occurrences of studies that are utilized in the strategy for ABC costing. The TDABC apportions the expense legitimately to the units of cost. The model of transitional ingestion costing helps in isolating the expenses produced from the assets by utilizing the limit cost to foresee the necessity of assets for every unit of cost. As indicated by the expressions of Onat, Anitsal and Anitsal, the Time Driven Activity model dependent on costing framework needs time projections to course the sets of the customers and it isn't obligatory that the expense ought to be equivalent. This is a result of the way that the TDABC extends in incalculable occasions shifting on the highlights of utilization by utilizing the proliferation of factors and conditions. Then again, in ABC costing strategy the measure of cost drivers that were utilized in circulating the cost exercises isn't thought of and it isn't thought of or mandatory to dispense he cost. The table expressed underneath gives contrasts between the ABC, TDABC and Traditional ABC: ABC Conventional ABC Time Driven Activity Based Costing The ABC strategy for costing manages different exercises of overheads that are recognized. The conventional technique for costing generally helps in appropriating the overhead expense to each unit that is created. The Time driven movement based costing strategy helps in breaking down bounty gatherings of assets. The technique for ABC helps in disseminating the overhead expense to various exercises with the assistance of asset driver The model predicts the circumstances where the network of amount moves toward the driver of item overhead. It anticipates the total of in general expense for each asset gatherings. The ABC strategy for costing recognizes the cost driver for every one of the exercises. In the conventional technique for costing, the administrators disperses the expense of creation just to the items (Leeet al. 2015). It decides the functional ability of each asset bunch extraordinarily the accessible working and preparing hours. The ABC technique chooses the cost driver for each action by isolating the aggregate sum of cost action from the viable measure of movement driver. The arrangement of conventional bookkeeping isn't having the option to disperse the non-fabricating cost connected with the creation of the things especially the administration consumption. The strategy ascertains the expense of every unit of the asset bunch by isolating the measure of cost to every unit of the gathering through handy limit. Regardless of whether the TDABC is proper for the Client organization At the point when the model of Time Driven Activity Based costing is applied in the customers firm of West ranchers Ltd. It tends to be seen that the model is straightforward and simple to fathom. Further, the model is compelling and cheap contrasted with different models, for example, Traditional ABC and ABC. The Time Driven Activity Based costing helped in making the costing framework simple be decreasing the need of overview and meeting of the considerable number of workers. The Traditional strategy for costing will help West rancher Ltd. in dispensing the cost assets to the exercises that are connected in driving them to the cost objects. A noteworthy thought that can be drawn from the investigation is that the component of TDABC will help West rancher Ltd. in designating the assets straightforwardly to the objects of cost by utilizing a savvy set of system in anticipating the benefit. The model will help in processing the cost that is required

Artificial Intelligence in Business-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in Business. Answer: Presentation Computerized reasoning alludes to the knowledge of machines, as opposed to the normal insight of human or creatures. The man-made reasoning permits a machine to think like human and perform errands with no programming. It encourages machines to illuminate complex takes and learn new things with no past programming. The exercises of man-made consciousness incorporate discourse acknowledgment, arranging, learning, and critical thinking. Man-made reasoning is an expansive term which incorporates AI, profound learning, mechanization and a lot more parts. In the advanced world, numerous organizations utilize computerized reasoning to improve the proficiency of performing different takes in the business, which were customarily performed by people. Utilizing man-made reasoning in business can profit an organization, yet because of absence of innovative headways, the man-made consciousness has numerous defects. This report will examine different advantages and disadvantages of utilizing computerized reasoning in the business by various organizations. Further, the report will investigate these advantages and downsides dependent on the alternate point of view of associations, for example, Google, eBay, Uber and Microsoft. Task Objective The essential target of this report is to learn various points of interest and drawbacks of embracing computerized reasoning technique in a business. This report will talk about the present status of man-made reasoning and its uses in various organizations. Further, this report will break down the dangers of receiving man-made reasoning in business and its need in associations of various enterprises. The auxiliary goal of this report is to investigating various organizations that are utilizing computerized reasoning in their business and find out AIs esteem in business from their point of view. Undertaking Scope The report will concentrate on the different utilization of man-made brainpower that could be advantageous or adverse for an association. This report will assess the utilization of AI from the point of view of various associations. Further, the report will discover the present state and most recent advancement in man-made reasoning for business. The experience of utilizing AI in business from the perspective of different organizations will be talked about in the report. Writing Review Man-made consciousness is characterized as the knowledge of hardware, which is not the same as human insight. It is a piece of software engineering that centers around delivering a scholarly machine that performs assignments and responds like a human. Different initiates for which man-made reasoning is intended to incorporate arranging, learning, critical thinking, thinking and discourse acknowledgment. As indicated by Rouse (2016), Artificial knowledge can be arranged in various parts, for example, solid AI, frail AI, tight AI, and wide AI or other. Apples virtual individual help called Siri is a case of feeble AI. As indicated by Reddy (2016), lately, computerized reasoning has picked up ubiquity because of development in size, speed, and variety of information gathered by associations. Man-made intelligence permits organizations to perform complex exercises, for example, perceiving designs in data, more proficiently than people, which help organizations in increasing more understanding from their information. The organizations, for example, Apple, Google, Accenture and Uber, use AI in dissecting a lot of information from their clients and distinguishing designs in them, which help them to perceive their client's necessities and planning techniques dependent on such information. Current State of Artificial Intelligence As indicated by Nusca (2016), the man-made reasoning will significantly affect the economies, culture, and organizations of organizations in coming years. Right now, AI is moving into the business market and utilization of AI in business has developed significantly, when contrasted with recent years. Different parts of AI are utilized in various business accepts, for example, AI is utilized in promoting or showcasing items in various markets. Google is utilizing AI to upgrading the forecast of web look through which permit the organization to increase upper hand. 2015 was the year for AI achievements with the progression in various territories, for example, remote helpers, web searches, and mechanization (Figure 2). According to late headways, the presentation of profound learning has changed the type of AI. This framework is equipped for learning new data itself, for instance, it recognizes an orange with no programming. In 2015, Microsoft and Google programming had the option to crush human at picture acknowledgment. Google, Facebook, and Microsoft are utilizing current AI to learn voice acknowledgment on cell phones. Be that as it may, there are a few issues in AI advancement also. In ongoing news, Facebook needs to close off their AI program since it erratically created its own distinctive language (King 2017). This shows there are a few dangers in AI improvement, which organizations need to discover while creating or executing AI application in their organizations. Preferences of Artificial Intelligence The advanced innovation permits organizations to utilize man-made brainpower in playing out their errands. The utilization of AI has expanded because of the restriction of individuals for playing out specific assignments (Figure 1). The AI can gather a lot of information from a few sources and investigate it with fundamentally quick speed (Wenger 2014). Decrease in Errors Computerized reasoning permits associations to keep away from blunder and builds the odds of accomplishing exactness, with a high level of accuracy. In the event of people, while playing out specific assignments there are odds of mistake on account of human reason blunders every now and then. PC, whenever modified effectively, don't commit errors like people, in this manner, the companys information can be overseen blunder free notwithstanding its size. Associations could utilize AI all the while, for example, space investigation, since they are metal bodies which don't get influenced by space environment. This permits them to gather a lot of information without playing out any life threating exercises (Glymour, Scheines and Spirtes 2014). As per Ruth (2017), an application, for example, SAP, Avanade, and DONO permit association, for example, Wal-Mart, eBay, MasterCard, and Accenture, to gather a lot of clients information from Facebook, Google Analytics, Shopify and different stages. They break down it to anticipate data viewing clients, for example, shopping example, necessities and market request. Troublesome Tasks As indicated by the examination of Cohen and Feigenbaum (2014), the man-made consciousness can use by organizations in performing troublesome assignments, for example, mining, sea depths investigation, and oil investigation. The AI faces the challenges for human headway since human have different impediments. For instance, the Mars wanderer sends by NASA called Curiosity, permit researchers to investigate Mars surface and gather information without really taking a chance with their lives. The wanderer goes on Mars surface while gathering information and decide its way, which encourages him figure out how to have an independent mind. The AI developments like this are advantageous for human information headway. Virtual Assistance The examination of Bond and Gasser (2014) has reasoned that, the notoriety of virtual help or advanced help has brought altogether up in recent years. A virtual help speaks with people to play out specific undertakings. They need enthusiastic emotions which assist them with intuition sensibly and locate a coherent answer for issues. Numerous associations utilize such computerized help to perform little assignments for their representatives, for example, setting up their schedule, meeting updates and general web look. The most well known technique for AI is the virtual aids utilized in present day cell phones. As per the examination directed by Ramaswamy (2017), different cell phone or programming producer introduce virtual help to their cell phones which cooperate with the client to play out specific errands. Hardly any models incorporate Google Now, Siri, Cortana, and Bixby. These advanced helps performs various errands in cell phones, for example, looking through something on the web, setting updates or alerts, sending messages, or killing on or certain element in the telephone. In any case, with the most recent improvement in AI and explicitly AI, these aids can speak with clients like a human help, for example, making a wisecrack, recollecting something or proceeding with a discussion. Clinical Applications Numerous clinical associations use AI to improve their clinical systems. As indicated by Huhns (2012), the AI permits proficient assessment of patient condition by specialists and encourages them evaluate their wellbeing dangers. Man-made intelligence help specialists to examine the reactions of various medications and numerous expert specialists are educated with a fake medical procedure test system. Utilization of Robotics helps psychological well-being patients in various clinical issues, for example, melancholy. Radiosurgery is a genuine case of current progression of AI which helps in working tumors. This permits specialists to perform medical procedure without making any harm encompassing tissues. Performing Daily Mundane Tasks Fethi and Pasiouras (2010) presumed that, the man-made brainpower permits organizations to manage their every day exhausting takes by utilization of computerization that improves the profitability in takes. Hypothetically, by utilizing AI, organizations can dispose of exhausting employments from human and give them available time to perform innovative takes. The mechanization permits organizations to perform redundant undertakings of huge volume with high productivity, less blunders and fast, when contrasted with people who are moderate, can't process huge information rapidly and cause mistakes. No Pause or Breaks Rich and Waters (2014) gave that, the advantage of AI incorporates its productivity to work immediately or breaks. The AI machine programs which mean they played out a la

Quiz What Citation Style Are You

Quiz What Citation Style Are You (0) Did you know there are more citation styles than just MLA and APA style? The citation style you use for your next paper could say a lot about your personality. Answer the questions below to see which citation style best reflects your qualities. .wq-quiz-18189 { --wq-question-width: 100%; --wq-question-color: #009cff; --wq-question-height: auto; --wq-bar-color: #00c479; --wq-font-color: #444; --wq-background-color: #ecf0f1; --wq-title-size: 20; } You have a paper coming up. Which of the following research paper topics do you select? What sets Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet apart from his other tragedies? How does stress affect the human body? Why is William the Conqueror considered to be a significant historical figure? Explain the decision in District of Columbia v. Heller and its lasting impact. What paper? It’s finally Friday and you want grab dinner with friends. What is your role in making plans? I provide restaurant recommendations to the group based on Yelp reviews and ratings. Duh. I end up setting the time and place, and arrive 15 minutes early. I let everyone else pick the place, and end up being 30 minutes late after showing up at the wrong restaurant (oops). I just ask for somewhere with great food presentation. I want good pics for my Instagram feed. I get the ball rolling by suggesting places where I know the menu is ethically sourced. Choose a color: Green Yellow Red Black Blue Pick one as your dream career: Netflix Show Critic Museum Curator Supreme Court Justice Research Scientist Fashion Magazine Editor Your paper is due in a month. When do you start writing? Today After I have taken out all of the books I need from the library. 3 hours before it’s due. Once I’ve thought of a great hook to get the reader’s attention. When I’ve gathered specific data points that support my ideas. In this list of famous personalities, who do you admire most? J.K. Rowling Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg Winston Churchill Albert Einstein Garfield What is your favorite kind of pizza? Whatever can be delivered the fastest. With aged parmesan and sausage. Just plain cheese and sauce. With artisanal cheese and arugula. Veggie. You want someone to review your paper before you hand it in. Who do you ask? The professor who teaches the class. My friend who is a great writer. My mom. I ask a few different people and run it through an essay checker, then combine all the feedback. I don’t need anyone to review my paper. It’s perfect. Choose an animal: Bald eagle Great white shark Golden retriever Brown bear Iguana Which class would you be most interested in taking next semester? Constitutional Law Modern American Poetry Film Studies 101 Integrating Clinical Theory and Practice The Changing Landscape of Ancient Rome Citation Style MLA Style You got MLA! You love the art of language and expression. You are creative and philosophical, and enjoy reading and writing. You’re a word nerd! APA Style You got APA! Discovering new things and experimenting with different ideas is your favorite way to learn. You’re level-headed, and prefer to have facts to back up your opinions. You’re a Brainiac! Chicago Manual of Style You got Chicago style! Conducting research is your forte. You’re grounded and dependable, and your friends can always count on you for good advice. You make sure to learn from your mistakes, and treat them as a learning opportunity. Bluebook You got Bluebook! Organized is your middle name. You appreciate order and are a meticulous note-taker. No one has a better outline than you! Journal of Sleep Research You got Journal of Sleep Research! You’re a free-thinker who goes with the flow. You enjoy relaxing, and never rush into making a decision. “What will be will be” is your motto. Share your Results: Facebook Twitter VK Before you jump into that next paper, level up your grammar skills and visit our EasyBib grammar guides to learn about different parts of speech. Discover a list of determiners, answer the question “what is a preposition?”, learn how to use subordinating conjunctions, and more!

Engineering Ethics of Titanic Sinking Essay - 1756 Words

Steven Miller Phl 3221 Professor Tapp 5/24/2007 Utilitarianism Look at the Titanic When engineers design a product many things go in to the decision making process when it comes to selecting materials, design, and the manufacturing processes. One concern that has always been in the decision making process is trying to make sure the outcome will always be ethically good, although this isn’t always the case. Try as they might, no person is perfect, and accidents do happen. When engineering disasters happen there are many factors that may be involved, such as human factors, design flaws, extreme conditions, and materials failures. When these things do happen it is important to look at the ethical aspect of each part of the failure and†¦show more content†¦Jeremy Bentham created an algorithm to determine the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause. He called this Hedonic Calculus and it was divided into seven different categories. Bentham based this calculation off of intensity, or the strength of the pleasure, duration or how long the pleasure will last, certainty or how likely it is pleasure will occur, propinquity or how soon the pleasure will occur, fecundity or the likeliness it will be followed by pleasures, purity or probability that feelings of the opposite will occur, and extent or how many people will be affected. I will try to put some of the major failures of the Titanic in to these categories to determine the ethical standing of the engineers responsible for the Titanic. When analyzing this disaster the first thing to consider is the engineer’s design of the Titanic. The Titanic was employing many new and innovative designs that were believed to make the Titanic the safest ship ever built at that time. The engineer’s of the vessel made claims that the Titanic was â€Å"unsinkable† and that â€Å"even in the worst possible accident at sea, the ship should have stayed afloat for two to three days.† One of the features that lead them to this claim was the 16 wate rtight compartments in the hull of the ship. The way they were designed allowed for up to four compartments to be breached and they ship would still carryShow MoreRelatedEthics And Ethics Of Engineering Ethics2079 Words   |  9 Pagesaddresses the importance of engineering ethics as it pertains to the health, safety, and well-being of not only individuals but society. By beginning with the root needs of engineering ethics by first discussing its history and then moving on to how unethical choices can and have had a deadly impact on communities. Once a basis is established the document states the core fundamentals, instructions, and responsibilities of engineering ethics. I. INTRODUCTION What is engineering ethics and what is its importanceRead MoreCan Human Error Be Prevented By Technology?2369 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry; ‘advances in computer technology, machinery and equipment developed from the application of scientific knowledge, the branch of knowledge dealing with engineering or applied sciences.† There has been talk of needing reusable space transportation since the late 1960’s. But support politically and economically was never strong. NASA was making promises to the American people of increased national security andRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagespresident of Chile, was murdered in 1973 and her WOMEN IN THE TWENTIETH- CENTURY WORLD †¢ 113 family had to flee to safety abroad. In 1985, her novel, House of the Spirits, captured not only the titanic struggles of Chilean politics but also the activism of generations of titanic women, who are, among other fantastic qualities, clairvoyant. Laura Esquivel’s Like Water for Chocolate (1989) was translated into two dozen languages and became a hit film because of its setting in a Mexican

Essay on Pros and Cons of Minimum Wage - 701 Words

Pros and Cons of Minimum Wage The argument for minimum wage has remained remake consistent over the years. Some people are against minimum wage and the other think minimum wage can help you in a certain way. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Unites States federal government passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. The law has been amended almost every year to expand coverage of the wage floor and to increase the wage itself. Many of the fifty states have enacted their own minimum wage laws, some of them set even higher than the federal level. Minimum wage jobs don’t only help adults at hard times it help teenagers and college students. I learned that the proponents for minimum wage believe the raw value of one’s labor to a business†¦show more content†¦It was mentioned the standard capitalist argument against a minimum wage has come under empirical attack lately and it must be said there is no consensus on the matter. The law of minimum wage interferes with the law of comparative advan tage and monopolizes the affected labor markets in favor of the higher-skilled laborers whose labor is worth the higher wage. Some argue that the effect that the minimum wage is merely a huge, hidden tax paid by small minority. On other hand employers chose other methods than simple layoffs to offset the added cost of more expensive workforce. The theoretically include hiring fewer employees in the future not replacing all employees who resign, retire or are fired not making capital expenditures to improve their business raising price on the goods and services they offer and decreasing the number of hours worked per employee. The moral argument against minimum wage is based on the ideas of self-ownership and freedom, grounded in the ethical concrete of self-interest. One of the most interesting things I discovered while researching this topic was the historical nature of the argument. Some empirical studies appear to lend weight to the claim that these laws don’t cause unempl oyment, but they aren’t comprehensive enough to fully gauge theShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Minimum Wage994 Words   |  4 PagesThe idea of the minimum wage is that workers are guaranteed enough money to improve their standard of living. The price of the minimum wage is determined by the state, but a federal minimum wage is set. Some states choose to go above the minimum wage, while others, such as Alabama and Louisiana, choose to not have a minimum wage at all (Root). The minimum wage is important to society, because it can affect many people’s lives. There are many pros and cons to having a minimum wage in the United StatesRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Minimum Wage769 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know minimum wage was $0.25 per hour in 1938? Since then it has raised to a whopping $7.25. Most readers will agree that there is a problem with this current minimum wage, considering the cost of living and salaries, Etc. However, they might not understand the complexity of the issue. In fact, the topic is not simply a question of if the minimum wage should be increased or kept the same, but more of a complex issue involving the different viewpoints on why people agree or disagree. Some reasonsRead MorePros And Cons Of Minimum Wage991 Words   |  4 PagesA minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers must legally pay their workers for their services. It is an example of a price floor below which workers may not wish to sell their labour legally. The purpose of minimum wages is to protect workers against low pay. They help ensure an equitable share of profits and a minimum living wage to all who are employed. Minimum wage can also be one element of a policy to overcome poverty and reduce inequality, including those between men and womenRead MorePros And Cons Of The Minimum Wage1620 Words   |  7 PagesIncreasing the federal minimum wage has been a controversial topic around the United States; many people are in favor of rais ing the minimum wage, while others heavily oppose the idea. While everyone is entitled to their own opinion, statistics have shown that the minimum wage is closely correlated to public health, and it shows that this topic is a much bigger and broader picture than simply economics. The federal minimum wage has a history that dates all the way back to 1938, and the strong debatesRead MorePros And Cons Of The Minimum Wage1755 Words   |  8 PagesMinimum Wage: The Pros and Cons Looking back over the last century, minimum wage has been a divisive subject among policy makers and economists in the United States. As far back as 1938 when the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) was first introduced, minimum wage has been a contentious issue. After much judicial opposition, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed into law a bill which was a landmark in the nation’s social and economic development. The bill banned oppressive child labor, set the minimumRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Abolishing Minimum Wage954 Words   |  4 PagesAbolishing Minimum Wage Increase, decrease or abolish minimum wage; which is best for our citizens and our economy? Minimum wage was implemented to help unskilled workers to make a living wage but as time goes on the value of minimum wage has plummet. In my research paper I will provide knowledge about minimum wage such as the history, purpose, benefits and the results. I will also present the pros and cons of abolishing the minimum wage and the increase/decrease of minimum. The minimum wage was originallyRead MorePros And Cons Of Raising The Minimum Wage1908 Words   |  8 PagesTai K. Lamar Jennifer Chicosky ENG-111-IN1 07/21/17 Raising the Minimum Wage from $7.25 Can you live off $7.25 an hour? Would you be able to pay all your bills, and have plenty of money left over for food, as well as personal pleasures? Imagine your salary was cut down to a forty-hour work week at the minimum wage salary in your state. Can you save money while on a minimum wage hourly salary? These same questions are on the minds of many Americans that are currently facing these struggles every timeRead MorePros and Cons of Raising a Minimum Wage Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesMinimum Wage A minimum wage is the lowest hourly wage that employers have to compensate the workers for their service. Currently the federal minimum wage is $7.25 per hour. However, many states also have their own minimum wage laws. In those instances, the employee is entitled to the higher of the two minimum wages. In this paper we will discuss the brief history of the minimum wage law and its current legislation. We will also analyze the pros and cons of raising the minimum wage, and theRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Raising The Minimum Wage993 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough it is not a new topic in America, the decision to raise the minimum wage continues to be controversial, especially in the political realm. The political parties still move to block the opposing party from successfully implanting their ideals, causing either nothing to be accomplished or the situation to worsen. Research shows that raising the minimum wage a reasonable amount would lessen the gap between the rich and th e poor, continue to fulfill its original purpose of protecting workersRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage1156 Words   |  5 PagesPros and Cons of Raising the Minimum Wage When you picture a minimum wage worker, who do you picture? Do you see a sixteen year old, a middle-aged mother, a college graduate, or even a senior citizen worker? In September of 2013, California governor Jerry Brown signed a new bill into act that would cause the California minimum wage to rise from the current $8.00 and hour to $10.00 and hour in increments over the next three years. The minimum wage rate will go up in two separate $1.00 boosts.

Modernist Poetry Effectiveness Free Essays

Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness When it comes to opinions everyone has one. Saying that Modernist poetry has no specific structure or form and therefore means it is not as ‘effective’, is like myself saying curry is spicy, sweet and doesn’t fit in with my taste buds and therefore curry is the worst seasoning. Poetry is far too complex to reduce to a simple â€Å"effective† or â€Å"not effective† dichotomy. We will write a custom essay sample on Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness or any similar topic only for you Order Now To object to an opinion maybe you need to understand where they are coming from. Taking a look at traditional poetry you see rhyme schemes and specific meter and other rigid aspects of form. Modernist experimented vigorously with the poetic forms, language and versification, often doing away with rhythmical sweetness and the regularity of the traditional forms. Like a teenager that never finishes high school. She is considered by society to be a failure because she never met their ideals. However, she then goes out, gets signed and now almost everyone knows her name, Christina Aguilera. Also read: Platos Attack on Poetry Whatever be the structure of a modern poem, there is a hidden meaning and rhythm of course. Even, that particular structure bears significance. That beauty and meaning cannot be interpreted by traditional readers. Others, of course, prefer traditional poetry, but I do not think either is more effective than the other; they just cater to different tastes. Just like when it comes to tastes in music, some people like country others prefer rap. Just because one become before the other doesn’t make it the right one and the other wrong, it makes them different. How to cite Modernist Poetry: Effectiveness, Essay examples

The Risk Factor for Diseases Such As Hypertension and Diabetes.

Question: What Is The Risk Factor For Diseases Such As Hypertension And Diabetes? Answer: Introduction Obesity is a disease that has a direct impact on the socio-economic status of women on their reproductive year and the entire society, it is ranked top among the cause of worldwide economic burden it rivals issues such as smoking and violence. Obesity has a direct effect on the psychosocial status of the women and its effects can be manifested in form of stigmatization of the obese women in the society. Moreover, obesity has been considered as a risk factor and the same time a disease. For example, it is a risk factor for diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. At the same time, obesity as a health problem have a negative impact on the life of women in their reproductive age, and it can also greatly influence the choice of the lifestyle of a woman in her reproductive period. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the effect of obesity to the life of women in their reproductive age by focusing on the effect of obesity on the womens lifestyle, womens reproductive choi ces and the financial implication on managing obesity at an individual and society level. Search strategy The process of searching for primary literature sources for references was started in two levels. First, by reviewing the journal articles study topic and the abstract leading to rejection of studies that were not original research papers, studies that addressed either obesity or women in reproductive age and not both. In the second phase, the studies were selected based on the content. An elaborate literature search strategy was established, the strategy involved obtaining many current, relevant and English-language written studies that would be further filtered using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The strategy involved searching for studies that are not more than 10 years old, the journal articles were searched in the three databases available in mylibrary. The databases that were searched included CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health], PubMed, Swepub, Ebscohost, Emerald, Wiley online library and the Cochrane library. The core interest was a full-text of the jou rnal articles. The research title was broken down into the main subject words, this was done to attain the most effective keywords to perform the journal search. At the same time, the reference list of most relevant journal articles was screened for potential relevant literature. The keywords were combined using the Boolean operators. For example, AND, OR and NOT were used. This process then led to one set of articles with articles that contained most relevant information. At the same time, Truncate such as * was used to truncate words and find different word endings. The key words used during the literature search included obesity, women, reproductive age, mental health, lifestyle, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Description of the obesity Uzogara (2017) suggested that obesity can be defined as a disease that is caused by surplus deposition fat in the cells of the body referred to as adipose tissues. Fat deposition around certain body parts can immensely alter the proper body organ functions. Word Health Organization (WHO) has formulated a standard definition of obesity as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. The rapid change of lifestyle around the world has been affiliated to the rise of the number of reported obesity cases in the world as suggested by (Flegal et al., 2012). Obesity is a known risk factor for certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, research findings have established that there is a relationship between obesity and infertility among the women in childbearing age according to (Gormack et al., 2015). For example, in women obesity has been associated with prolonged time taken to enable conception, increased risk of miscarriage and other compli cations associated with pregnancy. The findings from a study conducted in the United States revealed that 34.6 % of the adult with age above 20 years were found to be obese with 7.2% of them evidently depressed according to (Poromaa, 2015). Whereas, He et al. (2016) concluded that there is an increased obesity cases among the women on their reproductive year in rural china, with the china as a country having 24.8% as the prevalence rate of obesity among the women on their reproductive year. The prevalence of obesity comes with a heavy financial burden on both an individual level and society. For example, the United States spends 20% of the money allocated to the health-care sector to manage and treat obesity according to (Cawley and Meyerhoefer, 2012). Obesity as an issue for women and their physical, mental, emotional and/or mental health The results from various research findings have revealed that lack of active and consistent physical activities and poor dietary practices are closely associated with poor health condition of a person as suggested by (Deliens et al., 2015; Craig et al., 2008). Therefore, individuals lifestyle choice and active participation in physical activity contribute immensely to lowering the risk of developing health problem such as obesity. It is for the reasons why intervention program focusing on the womens life at a personal level should be adopted and women in the reproductive age are encouraged to participate in such programs. Jensen et al. (2014) suggested that intervention programs that encourage women active participation in physical activity plays a key role in weight loss therapy among the women. Active participation in physical activities leads to increase in metabolic rate with higher energy expenditure with impeding in the food intake among the obese (Catenacci et al. 2007). The relationship between obesity in women and mental status is an area that have elicited a lot of research interest. Findings from different research have revealed a bidirectional association between obesity and mental health condition of the women (Tronieri et al., 2017; Ruhstaller et al., 2016; Molyneaux et al., 2014). Therefore, it is still not clear whether obesity can cause depression or if depression may cause obesity or if the two are as a result of a common cause due to either lifestyle factors or biological factors. As suggested by Assari and Caldwell (2015), there is no association between obesity and major depression disorder, however, the findings contradicts the findings of the research conducted by (National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey[NHANES], 2010), whose findings revealed that women with depression were at high risk of obesity as compared to women who were not suffering from depression. At the same time, race has also been established to be another key determinant of the risk of being obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the different race. For example, 45% of the non-Hispanic white women with depression were found to be likely of developing obesity compared to 32% non-Hispanic white women without depression were found to be obese according to (NHANES, 2010), whereas among the non-Hispanic black and Mexican American the study results revealed no such association between depression and occurrence of incidence of obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the two mentioned races. The results from another study conducted by (Assari and Lankarani, 2015), on the association between obesity and intention to lose weight women in their reproductive age were found to be stronger as compared to men of the same age bracket. Therefore, the findings should encourage the development of intervention programs that are based on the gender and race from a policy perspective. Effect of obesity on the womans lifestyle/lifestyle choices Loos et al. (2008) concluded that lifestyle choices of women have direct association with population characteristics including mortality, women fertility and prevalence of the health problem as obesity. For example, results of the research have revealed than bad lifestyle choices such as excessive alcohol have a negative influence on the active participation in physical activities and poor dietary practices leading to lifestyle diseases such as obesity among the women (Kantartzis et al., 2011). The effect of lifestyle choice and behavior change as an intervention measure of obesity can be felt at individual, community, and population level. The interventions focusing on the lifestyle choices of an individual woman is based on individuals health condition and the physical environment as suggested by (Evans et al., 2016). For example, government policies have been used to use effectively to influence womens lifestyle and behavior patterns. This is typical in situations where government levies high exercise duty tax on processed food items which contain added sugars, alcohol products, and cigarettes. For instance, in the UK 20% tax have been put on beverages with processed sugar used as sweetener leading to the reduction in the prevalence of obesity cases by about 1.3% according to (Briggs et al., 2013). The results from study conducted in the United States also supports the use of government policies to influence the lifestyle choices of its citizen in the USA it has been established that for every 1% increase in the price of the high energy calorie food products such as sweetened sugar drink there is reduction in energy intake by 0.02% as suggested by (Briggs et al., 2013). At an individual level, the lifestyle choices involve change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when a group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Normanetal et al. (2008) concluded that among the women on their reproductive period, obesity and poor lifestyle choices such high consumption of alcohol and caffeine increases the risk of infertility, a prolonged time taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications. According to (Gormacket al., 2015), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices leading to improved conception and foetal health. However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence-based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility . For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. The intervention programs targeting lifestyle behavioral changes during pregnancy have been found to be of great benefit by reducing in the BMI, hence reduced chances of obesity whose causative agent is pregnancy. However, such lifestyle interventions have little impact if they are only implemented during the period of the pregnancy (A?c? and Rathfisch, 2016). For the women on their reproductive year, the intervention programs developed targets lifestyle changes involving good dietary practice and active participation in physical activities leading to reduced cases of obesity as the desired outcome. At an individual level, the behavior change involves a change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Individual intervention for example weight loss programs formulated targeting the entire women population on their reproductive year university can have a direct effect on the population contrary to just an individual student. Effect of obesity on the womans reproductive choices, including effects on fertility, pregnancy, birth and parenting There is evidence that linking obesity to the women reproduction, several studies have associated obesity to sub-fertility, and findings from the research have established 6-9% of women in their reproductive age suffers from ovulatory infertility among them half are obese (Poromaa, 2015). Therefore the practice of bariatric surgery among the women in the childbearing age has increased (Edison et al., 2016). According to (Normanetal et al. (2008), the occurrence of obesity the women on their reproductive year increases the risk of low fertility rates, a prolonged time is taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage, and other pregnancy complications. Obesity has been associated with stigma among the pregnant women (Moussa et al., 2016; Arden et al., 2014). For example, a study conducted by (Dinsdale et al., 2016) it was noted that women who were study participants desired their individual knowledge and behavior to be accepted and shunned being classified as obese, the word obes e was has been seen as offensive due to the negative references generally allied to obesity. The same discomfort of using term obesity has been experienced by midwives due to expectation raised during the routine practice without relevant support besides different opinions have been expressed that raising the topic of obesity with the women during pregnancy may further worsen the situation by isolating more obese women from the midwifery services (Molyneaux et at., 2014). According to (Edison et al., 2016; Gormacket al., 2015;), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices with a view of improved health status such as reduced chances of being obese and improved foetal health (Nyman et al., 2010) . However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility. For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption which is considered as risk factors t o obesity, they recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. As suggested by Mutsaerts et al. (2016) reduction in weight loss increases conception rate and improved perinatal outcome among the women in their reproductive year. The financial implications for the woman and her family and, where applicable, the financial burden on society Obesity has been linked to a reduction in longevity and poor quality of life, the research has shown that the epidemic of obesity impacts negatively on the economies of both middle to low income countries across the world. For example, It is estimated that in the financial year 2006-07 it cost the UK government 5.8 billion to treat and manage diseases that are related to poor diet and lifestyle, to be precise the cost of treating and managing obesity cost 5.1 billion according to (Scarborough et al., 2011). The burden caused by obesity has been attributed increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Women in their reproductive year experience the financial burden through the cost incurred during hospital admission and laboratory tests (Briggs et al., 2013; Scarborough et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). The society at large also experiences the indirect financial burden due to the prevalence of obesity among the women in their reproductive period due to increased mortality, early retirement, pension due to disability and reduced productivity in the workplace. Studies have shown that financial cost incurred due to lost productivity is higher than estimated medical cost According to (Wang et al., 2011). Conclusion It is very clear from the literature review that obesity has a direct effect on the socio-economic, mental status, and lifestyle choices among the women on their reproductive age. The evidence as discussed has shown that poor lifestyle choices made by women such as sedentary life, increased consumption of alcohol, poor dietary practices negatively impacts the women fertility and reproduction life. At the same time, obesity is a source of a greater financial burden on the individuals and their family. In conclusion, the medical professions should develop and promote health interventions programs that are targeting the women on childbearing age with a view of reducing the prevalence of obesity as a health issue among them leading to improved quality of life. Reference Arden, M. A., Duxbury, A. M., Soltani, H. (2014). Responses to gestational weight management guidance: a thematic analysis of comments made by women in online parenting forums.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,14(1), 216. A?c?, ., Rathfisch, G. (2016). Effect of lifestyle interventions of pregnant women on their dietary habits, lifestyle behaviors, and weight gain: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition,35(1), 7. Assari, S. (2014). The link between mental health and obesity: role of individual and contextual factors.Int J Prev Med,5(3), 247-9. Assari, S., Caldwell, C. H. (2015). Gender and ethnic differences in the association between obesity and depression among black adolescents.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities,2(4), 481-493. Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M. (2015). The Association between obesity and weight loss intention weaker among blacks and men than whites and women.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities,2(3), 414-420. Briggs, A. D., Mytton, O. T., Kehlbacher, A., Tiffin, R., Rayner, M., Scarborough, P. (2013). Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study.Bmj,347, f6189. Catenacci, V.A. and Wyatt, H.R., 2007. The role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss.Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology Metabolism,3(7), pp.518-529. Cawley, J. and Meyerhoefer, C., 2012. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach.Journal of health economics,31(1), pp.219-230. Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I. and Petticrew, M., 2008. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance.Bmj,337, p.a1655. Edison, E., Whyte, M., van Vlymen, J., Jones, S., Gatenby, P., de Lusignan, S., Shawe, J. (2016). Bariatric Surgery in Obese Women of Reproductive Age Improves Conditions That Underlie Fertility and Pregnancy Outcomes: Retrospective Cohort Study of UK National Bariatric Surgery Registry (NBSR).Obesity Surgery,26(12), 2837-2842. Evans, A., Ranjit, N., Hoelscher, D., Jovanovic, C., Lopez, M., McIntosh, A., ... Smith, C. (2016). Impact of school-based vegetable garden and physical activity coordinated health interventions on weight status and weight-related behaviors of ethnically diverse, low-income students: Study design and baseline data of the Texas, Grow! Eat! Go!(TGEG) cluster-randomized controlled trial.BMC Public Health,16(1), 973. Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., Ogden, C. L. (2012). Prevalence of obesity and trends in the distribution of body mass index among US adults, 1999-2010.Jama,307(5), 491-497. Gortmaker, S. L., Peterson, K., Wiecha, J., Sobol, A. M., Dixit, S., Fox, M. K., Laird, N. (2009). Reducing obesity via a school-based interdisciplinary intervention among youth: Planet Health.Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine,153(4), 409-418. He, Y., Pan, A., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, J., Zhang, Y., ... Yan, D. (2016). Prevalence of Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity Among Reproductive-Age Women and Adolescent Girls in Rural China.American Journal of Public Health,106(12), 2103-2110. Kantartzis, K., Machann, J., Schick, F., Rittig, K., Machicao, F., Fritsche, A., ... Stefan, N. (2011). Effects of a lifestyle intervention in metabolically benign and malign obesity.Diabetologia,54(4), 864-868. Loos, R. J., Lindgren, C. M., Li, S., Wheeler, E., Zhao, J. H., Prokopenko, I., ... Berndt, S. I. (2008). 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Obese women's experiences of encounters with midwives and physicians during pregnancy and childbirth.Midwifery,26(4), 424-429. Poromaa, I. S. (2015). Effect of obesity on human reproduction.Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica,57(1), K3. Rooney, K. L., Domar, A. D. (2014). The impact of lifestyle behaviors on infertility treatment outcome.Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology,26(3), 181-185. Ruhstaller, K., Elovitz, M., Stringer, M., Durnwald, C. (2016). 278: Does obesity affect maternal mental health during pregnancy?.American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology,214(1), S161-S162. Tronieri, J. S., Wurst, C. M., Pearl, R. L., Allison, K. C. (2017). Sex Differences in Obesity and Mental Health.Current Psychiatry Reports,19(6), 29. Scarborough, P., Bhatnagar, P., Wickramasinghe, K. K., Allender, S., Foster, C., Rayner, M. (2011). 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Lake Description free essay sample

Descriptive Essay Lake Panonica On a hot summer day, the only good place to go is to the lake. You would go out to the lake to enjoy the water, the sun, the activities that are happening, or just to be with family and friends. We’re lucky enough to have such a lake right in the centre of our town. When youre at the lake, there are some very distinct smells. The salty smell of water blended in with the nature and the trees surrounding you which makes you feel as if you were miles away from the city, somewhere on the coast. You can also enjoy the sweet coconut smell of sun tanning lotion that people put on themselves while they lay into the sun to basically cook. But if youre looking for a quiet relaxation at the lake, I dont think that will work out too well. We will write a custom essay sample on Lake Description or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lake is always really loud throughout the day. Youll definitely be able to hear the laughter and the excitement of children as they splash around in the lake, as well as the large amount of people talking and just basically having fun.Also the music from the nearby cafe is quite deafening, you can even hear it outside the margins of the lake. While youre at the lake you can always get involved in some fun activities, if you arent able to relax. You can go exercise on various machines, play volleyball in the sand, unless you don’t want get a bit dirty and sweaty, you can go to the waterfall and just enjoy the massaging effect of the water. In case you get hungry, there are always little stands with ice cream and soda to freshen you up even more. Overall the lake is a lot of fun to go to if you just want to get away from the busy, smelly city that you live in. If you are there early enough, for instance if you want to avoid the big crowd that comes in around noon, you will be able to see a beautiful, bright sunrise and if you enjoy staying out on the beach until the evening, Im sure you can catch a calming and loving sunset.

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Critically discuss the position of legal aid in England and Wales Essay

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Impact of Digital Technologies on Communication Abstract The present age in which we live has seen a massive proliferation of digital communication technologies and pervasive computing devices which have made an impact on all aspects of the way people live. Individual life styles have been changed and by extension, the society at large has evolved with changes being noticed in societal culture. Technology has brought about changes to the way people work, enjoy their leisure activities, get educated and interact with each other. Because the digital mediums for communications have become affordable and readily available to all, the manner in which individuals interact with others at the personal or business levels have also been transformed. Face –to- face meetings and interactions are becoming rather infrequent, with such meetings being reserved for special occasions and for special people. 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This paper attempts to take a look at the changing nature of interpersonal communications in the digital age which has transformed interpersonal relationships and the society at large. The electronic revolution and the digital age of communications started off at the end of the twentieth century with many advances taking place in the fields of telecommunications, computers, digital technology and information technology. The digital revolution resulted in the availability of devices such as the mobile phone, the personal digital assistant or the PDA, satellite communications and the digital television. Internet and the World Wide Web, with its email and conferencing capabilities, as well as the wireless local loop came to be widely used around the world. The availability and proliferation of these devices meant that individuals and the society at large were shaped by the possibilities for new forms of social interactions and social group formations through the medium of the available technologies. It was now possible to have a different sort of a community which could support rapid interactions using mobile and telephone conversation, email, SMS messages, teleconfer encing and videoconferencing, with participants either being on the move or living in geographically distant areas. Enhancements in technology meant that leisure activities were shifted to the home and it was not essential to go to the pub in order to fulfil a desire for social interaction (Wong, 2004). The availability of the handheld internet capable mobile phones has also brought further changes to society and the manner in which individuals interact because it is now possible to communicate through a number of mediums regardless of where an individual may be. Although the costs of having access to the digital communications and computing technologies had created a digital divide, the situation is getting better by the day with mass production resulting in reduced prices for hardware and a larger base of subscribers reducing charges for digital network connectivity. The availability of the digital devices of the pervasive computing age has meant that the manner in which individua ls interact has also changed because, although it is very easy to contact others, non-verbal signals are diminished as a result of the relatively higher costs associated with video communications. Also, the geographic distances between those involved in interactions may mean that there is a limited understanding of the overall picture associated with the locality or region and the communicators may not be in synchronism with each other. 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However, the digital age has now made it possible for participants from anywhere to attempt a consensus if desired and the concept of society, friendship and acquaintances for an individual has been very much extended (Alexander, 2002, Chapter 4). Most of the communication that takes place using digital medium is not rich if the message is based on email, SMS or voice only communications. Media is ranked on its ability to carry information and hence the ability of a message to develop or change understanding within a period of time. Face-to-face communications are the richest form of communications while faxes, emails, written text and telephone conversations are considered to be less rich. Participants in interpersonal communications now have a choice related to the medium which they can utilise for their interactions and most initial or routine communications are usually conducted most effortlessly using the less rich digital mediums. With the continued evolution of digital technologies, the richer media will become more widely available and participants to interpersonal communications will be increasingly able to indulge in richer interactions effortlessly. Emotion is present in the less rich media which is prevalent today but it is embedded in text and symbols which need to be studied and deciphered. Individuals who have been used to the richer communications have to learn the intricacies of the new digital media in order to learn to express themselves better. The generation which was born in the digital age or the Cyber Kids seem to be more capable of interacting adequately on the new mediums as compared to the older generation. Richer experiences in communication are only undertaken if the participants have a desire to indulge in such interactions due to having a common past or the initial digital contacts seem to hold promise. Hence, on the surface there is an impression that the society has become more reserved with less socialising but there can be a lot of communication or activity that is not visible. Email communications encourages critical thinking on the basis of a greater level of equality because the social context cues are not present in the message. Social construction of reality and so cial structure is therefore moving towards a greater level of equality in being able to communicate and interact widely because of the availability of digital technologies at least at the initial levels of contact. There are no preferred hours for contact with the electronic text communications and it is considered to be acceptable to send in a message at any time which can be viewed and considered by the recipient. In the past, individuals thought it appropriate to meet in the most appropriate settings for an occasion that could enhance communications. Today they are likely to consider what medium they should select in order to communicate. The decision to select a medium for communication is likely to be based on how well the participants in the communication know each other and their experience with a medium. Social influence with participants in communications is likely to increase with the time that the participants have known each other. The use of email or electronic text can have subliminal messages attached to the text and may convey informality, urgency, authority as well as legitimacy, much like the body language in face-to-face communications. The ability to use web cams and add instant pictures to communications over the internet or when using a mobile phone can add to the level of richness and information that is being exchanged. Scanned documents containing handwriting or sketches attached to email text also add to the information content, but there can be doubts about their authenticity unless they can be verified. Because the existing knowledge base of an individual is employed in critically evaluating lean messages, therefore less rich messages can become meaningful if there have been previous inputs about the communicator. As a result of the massive proliferation of digital technologies, the society at large has started to use these technologies as a matter of habit, transforming the manner in which individuals interact (Alexander, 2002, Cha pter 5). Digital wireless communication technologies have been the greatest drivers for change and spatial mobility. The number of mobile phones has far exceeded the number of television sets and even the least developed African nations now have more mobile wireless phones then land lines. The capabilities associated with the modern mobile phones are being constantly enhanced and they are very likely to become mobile devices with multimedia capabilities that are able to replace mobile computers with a capability for exchanging voice, text, pictures and a lot of other content in the digital format. The feature rich prevalence of mobile phone technology is the highest in Japan which leads Europe and the United States. Those who are introduced to mobile phones gradually progress from emergency and routine use to the more expressive use for communications. Many â€Å"grooming calls† are made every day in order to maintain relationships which would have not been possible without the technol ogy. These calls are made to confirm that a relationship exists by expressing solidarity, sympathy, concern and affection. The cell phone is used along with a variety of other media including email, SMS, snail mail and face-to-face meetings. Social contacts for otherwise well adjusted individuals are possible even during absence due to work or other causes. Hence, established relationships can be continued and new ones formed quickly if there is a basis for their formation. Switching off a mobile phone may be an expression for indicating the importance that is attached to individuals who are in the current interaction. On the other hand, cell phones also enable the user to control relationships by being able to make choices related to friends. All digital technologies permit an ability to control communications along with making interpersonal communications more effortless. Unlike email communication, the mobile phone is less likely to assist in the creation of new relationships and mostly assists in the maintenance of the existing ones. Communalistic relationships that have existed are easily perpetuated over the mobile phones which can also be used for spontaneous gossip at all times. Women tend to use the phone much more often in order to spontaneously contact their friends then men. Mobile phones can act as an umbilical cord and present an alternative to the traditional ways of passing time. Older people usually prefer voice calls while younger people tend to use the text messaging feature of their mobile to keep up with their group using special symbolic and linguistic language. The mobile phone may be used for short business conversations and long personal intimate conversations with a higher level of certainty about the identity of the communication partner then can be possible with email. Role switching is possible with an office worker acting as a mother using the mobile from her office. The ability to selectively receive calls provides a high level o f control on who is admitted to the inner circle of friends. However, having a mobile means that there is a responsibility for being available and answering to those who attempt to initiate a contact, although the owner can switch off if they so desire, causing concern amongst those who may have tried to initiate a contact. Communication is, therefore, made possible when it may not have occurred due to the efforts that may have been involved in contacting an individual. In Japan, SMS messages are used to form complex and peripheral relationships in which individuals never meet and virtual girlfriends can be introduced through a phone, replacing friends in real life. However, such peripheral friendships mean that there is a tendency towards the development of a very formal society with individuals finding it difficult to form real relationships. Cell phones also make it possible to have fluid arrangements and have meetings at short notice. In South Korea, it is common for workers to have spontaneous parties after work that are arranged through the cell. Nomadic intimacy is made possible for individuals who are constantly on the move including sailors or international business people who can contact their friends at any port of call. In studies undertaken in Japan evidence has been recorded that the Cyber Kid generation which was born after 1985 with internet phones and modern digital communications may be loosing the traditional Japanese virtue of giving due regard to context and situation when communicating. Their preferred interpersonal communication technology is the internet capable mobile phone and this requires whatever is to be said to be communicated regardless of the situation. This is in stark contrast to the pre-war generation whose preferred method of communications is to have face-to-face meetings and written letters with all the regard for the person and the complexities of a situation. Hence, there is ample evidence that the evolving digital tech nologies have changed the manner in which individuals conduct interpersonal communications around the world (Geser, 2004, Pp14 -16) and (Wong, 2004, Pp 75-81). Because of the widespread use of the text-only digital communication technologies that are the most prevalent in the present age, the personality of the communicators changes when they enter the virtual space and send email or other text messages. Along with the personality of the parties to the interpersonal communications, the reality also changes from physical reality to virtual reality. Much more freedom is available on the internet when using email communications because it is possible to hide the physical identity of the communicators. Risks can be taken with what is being said and discussed. The virtual space provides an opportunity to interact with individuals of many different cultures and social backgrounds. The symbols and the text messages are easier to understand if the participants in the communications that are taking place in Cyberspace have a common understanding of the use of language and symbols as well as the expectations that are associated with the conduct of in teractions. The electronic medium which may have been selected imposes selectivity by amplifying or reducing various phenomenon of the world, but the choice of the medium says something about the kind of personality that the communicator wants to present. If sufficient effort is invested, casual encounters over the internet can develop into intimate relationships. This is, however, more likely in a situation where there is little of interest that is available in the immediate physical world. Because there is a growing trend for the modern digital communications technologies to be widely adopted by businesses and the society at large, the chances of physical interactions becomes diminished as compared to interactions on the virtual space. Hence, the manner in which interactions and communications used to take place in a society at large is changed by technology and so also is the manner in which relationships are formed and maintained (Leaning, 2004). Digital divides exist between us ers and non-users of a technology as well as the experienced users and those who are the relatively new users of a digital communication medium. Digital divides can also exist because of culture, limited earnings and levels of education. Women have a tendency of using the phone more frequently and a lower tendency to use the internet. New immigrants in countries with a well developed digital communications infrastructure, especially women have a tendency to shy away from using the communications technologies that are widely available and tend not to have access to computers, resulting in loneliness and a lowered capacity to integrate. Internet and mobile phone users and non-users are not the same set of people and tend to have infrequent communication between each other. The society, however, has a preference for a proliferation of the internet over the mobile phone with governments attempting to promote the proliferation of internet connections rather then subsidising mobile phone connectivity. Hence, interpersonal communication has indeed been transformed by digital technologies and those without access to these technologies have difficulties assimilating and interacting with others in a society (Rice, 2003). The neighbourhood today is no longer the place that it used to be. Studies have indicated that in North America, many neighbourhood communities do not interact across racial lines. As an example, African-Americans and White Americans who live in the Nashville area do not interact across racial lines, preferring instead to develop relations with friends outside the neighbourhood (Wellman, 2001, Pp 16). The community of workers that work for the same employer do not live in the same neighbourhood and car, plane, fax, mobile as well as the internet permit relationships to be maintained outside of a neighbourhood. Hence, a change has occurred in the society as a result of technology. Cheap transportation technologies and not just digital technologies have made interactions at the local level unnecessary and individuals are constantly on the move, changing their residence every so often. Neighbourhood ties are, therefore, weak ties and stronger ties are with family and old friends from th e younger years. These ties are maintained through digital technologies and not as a result of interactions arising out of living near by. The cities are very large settlements of people who are more interested in seeing to their economic success by working at well paid jobs and living in decent neighbourhoods. It is the communication technologies which make the modern lifestyle possible unlike the olden days when it was just not possibly have the freedoms that are available today. Community has, therefore, left the neighbourhood and may even exist globally. Community interactions do not take place in public places but have moved inside the home where emailing and phone calling as well as the use of web cams keeps the interpersonal relationships alive. The trend for neighbourhood socialising is on the decline not just in the Americas, but also in Japan and the Middle East. Although informal ties can exist with thousands of people, relatively few are close ties that are actively main tained. Technology provides an enhancement of choices related to the milieus in which individuals can participate. Most ties are now maintained with individuals who have shared interests and the personal support group could be widely dispersed. The choices related to the ability to select those in close relationships were simply not available in the past without the digital communication technologies. Parents and children often provide the strongest support in a family, although they rarely live close by when the siblings have grown. Communities are in constant flux and the migration from third world countries into the developed world has meant that there is a trend towards global interpersonal communications or contacts with friends or acquaintances of the same background. The internet has become an integral part of daily life and has broadened the community. Initial contacts by email can result in phone contacts or face-to-face meetings. Internet groups do provide support to membe rs, especially those who may be somewhat isolated in a new locality and this support has been known to reduce depression. Support is still provided to people who have weak ties with online communities and stronger ties are possible especially amongst those people who have previously met. Groups of people interacting over the internet can get more personal or intimate with the passage of time. High bandwidth wireless has made it possible to assume an internet identity which can be accessed from anywhere in the world, a new city, a hotel room or a new office and old relationships are maintained even with movements over vast distances. The power of the computer mediated person-to-person contact is set to increase with a tendency to invisibly maintain and strengthen community links of choice (Wellman, 2001, Pp 30-45), (Alexander, 2002, Chapter 6) and (Sessions, 2000). It can, therefore, be safely concluded that the evolving digital communications technologies have indeed transformed the way in which interpersonal communications are conducted and maintained, with even more surprises lying ahead. Because of changes that have taken place in personal communications, the society at large and its culture is also being transformed (Wellman, 2001), (Sessions, 2000) and (Wong, 2004). References / Bibliography Web Sources Alakeson, Vidhya et al. (2003). â€Å"Social Responsibility in the Information Society†. Digital Europe. April 10, 2005. http://www.digital-eu.org/uploadstore/theme_reports/social_report.pdf Alexander, Patricia Margaret. (2002). â€Å"Towards reconstructing meaning when text is communicated electronically†. University of Pretoria. April 9, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08192002-155431/ Anton, Annie I and Collin Potts. (2004). â€Å"Requirements Engineering in the Long-Term: Fifty Years of Telephony Feature Evolution†. 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