The Risk Factor for Diseases Such As Hypertension and Diabetes.

Question: What Is The Risk Factor For Diseases Such As Hypertension And Diabetes? Answer: Introduction Obesity is a disease that has a direct impact on the socio-economic status of women on their reproductive year and the entire society, it is ranked top among the cause of worldwide economic burden it rivals issues such as smoking and violence. Obesity has a direct effect on the psychosocial status of the women and its effects can be manifested in form of stigmatization of the obese women in the society. Moreover, obesity has been considered as a risk factor and the same time a disease. For example, it is a risk factor for diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. At the same time, obesity as a health problem have a negative impact on the life of women in their reproductive age, and it can also greatly influence the choice of the lifestyle of a woman in her reproductive period. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to describe the effect of obesity to the life of women in their reproductive age by focusing on the effect of obesity on the womens lifestyle, womens reproductive choi ces and the financial implication on managing obesity at an individual and society level. Search strategy The process of searching for primary literature sources for references was started in two levels. First, by reviewing the journal articles study topic and the abstract leading to rejection of studies that were not original research papers, studies that addressed either obesity or women in reproductive age and not both. In the second phase, the studies were selected based on the content. An elaborate literature search strategy was established, the strategy involved obtaining many current, relevant and English-language written studies that would be further filtered using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The strategy involved searching for studies that are not more than 10 years old, the journal articles were searched in the three databases available in mylibrary. The databases that were searched included CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health], PubMed, Swepub, Ebscohost, Emerald, Wiley online library and the Cochrane library. The core interest was a full-text of the jou rnal articles. The research title was broken down into the main subject words, this was done to attain the most effective keywords to perform the journal search. At the same time, the reference list of most relevant journal articles was screened for potential relevant literature. The keywords were combined using the Boolean operators. For example, AND, OR and NOT were used. This process then led to one set of articles with articles that contained most relevant information. At the same time, Truncate such as * was used to truncate words and find different word endings. The key words used during the literature search included obesity, women, reproductive age, mental health, lifestyle, pregnancy, birth, and parenting. Description of the obesity Uzogara (2017) suggested that obesity can be defined as a disease that is caused by surplus deposition fat in the cells of the body referred to as adipose tissues. Fat deposition around certain body parts can immensely alter the proper body organ functions. Word Health Organization (WHO) has formulated a standard definition of obesity as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 kg/m2. The rapid change of lifestyle around the world has been affiliated to the rise of the number of reported obesity cases in the world as suggested by (Flegal et al., 2012). Obesity is a known risk factor for certain chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Moreover, research findings have established that there is a relationship between obesity and infertility among the women in childbearing age according to (Gormack et al., 2015). For example, in women obesity has been associated with prolonged time taken to enable conception, increased risk of miscarriage and other compli cations associated with pregnancy. The findings from a study conducted in the United States revealed that 34.6 % of the adult with age above 20 years were found to be obese with 7.2% of them evidently depressed according to (Poromaa, 2015). Whereas, He et al. (2016) concluded that there is an increased obesity cases among the women on their reproductive year in rural china, with the china as a country having 24.8% as the prevalence rate of obesity among the women on their reproductive year. The prevalence of obesity comes with a heavy financial burden on both an individual level and society. For example, the United States spends 20% of the money allocated to the health-care sector to manage and treat obesity according to (Cawley and Meyerhoefer, 2012). Obesity as an issue for women and their physical, mental, emotional and/or mental health The results from various research findings have revealed that lack of active and consistent physical activities and poor dietary practices are closely associated with poor health condition of a person as suggested by (Deliens et al., 2015; Craig et al., 2008). Therefore, individuals lifestyle choice and active participation in physical activity contribute immensely to lowering the risk of developing health problem such as obesity. It is for the reasons why intervention program focusing on the womens life at a personal level should be adopted and women in the reproductive age are encouraged to participate in such programs. Jensen et al. (2014) suggested that intervention programs that encourage women active participation in physical activity plays a key role in weight loss therapy among the women. Active participation in physical activities leads to increase in metabolic rate with higher energy expenditure with impeding in the food intake among the obese (Catenacci et al. 2007). The relationship between obesity in women and mental status is an area that have elicited a lot of research interest. Findings from different research have revealed a bidirectional association between obesity and mental health condition of the women (Tronieri et al., 2017; Ruhstaller et al., 2016; Molyneaux et al., 2014). Therefore, it is still not clear whether obesity can cause depression or if depression may cause obesity or if the two are as a result of a common cause due to either lifestyle factors or biological factors. As suggested by Assari and Caldwell (2015), there is no association between obesity and major depression disorder, however, the findings contradicts the findings of the research conducted by (National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey[NHANES], 2010), whose findings revealed that women with depression were at high risk of obesity as compared to women who were not suffering from depression. At the same time, race has also been established to be another key determinant of the risk of being obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the different race. For example, 45% of the non-Hispanic white women with depression were found to be likely of developing obesity compared to 32% non-Hispanic white women without depression were found to be obese according to (NHANES, 2010), whereas among the non-Hispanic black and Mexican American the study results revealed no such association between depression and occurrence of incidence of obesity among the women on their reproductive age of the two mentioned races. The results from another study conducted by (Assari and Lankarani, 2015), on the association between obesity and intention to lose weight women in their reproductive age were found to be stronger as compared to men of the same age bracket. Therefore, the findings should encourage the development of intervention programs that are based on the gender and race from a policy perspective. Effect of obesity on the womans lifestyle/lifestyle choices Loos et al. (2008) concluded that lifestyle choices of women have direct association with population characteristics including mortality, women fertility and prevalence of the health problem as obesity. For example, results of the research have revealed than bad lifestyle choices such as excessive alcohol have a negative influence on the active participation in physical activities and poor dietary practices leading to lifestyle diseases such as obesity among the women (Kantartzis et al., 2011). The effect of lifestyle choice and behavior change as an intervention measure of obesity can be felt at individual, community, and population level. The interventions focusing on the lifestyle choices of an individual woman is based on individuals health condition and the physical environment as suggested by (Evans et al., 2016). For example, government policies have been used to use effectively to influence womens lifestyle and behavior patterns. This is typical in situations where government levies high exercise duty tax on processed food items which contain added sugars, alcohol products, and cigarettes. For instance, in the UK 20% tax have been put on beverages with processed sugar used as sweetener leading to the reduction in the prevalence of obesity cases by about 1.3% according to (Briggs et al., 2013). The results from study conducted in the United States also supports the use of government policies to influence the lifestyle choices of its citizen in the USA it has been established that for every 1% increase in the price of the high energy calorie food products such as sweetened sugar drink there is reduction in energy intake by 0.02% as suggested by (Briggs et al., 2013). At an individual level, the lifestyle choices involve change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when a group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Normanetal et al. (2008) concluded that among the women on their reproductive period, obesity and poor lifestyle choices such high consumption of alcohol and caffeine increases the risk of infertility, a prolonged time taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage and other pregnancy complications. According to (Gormacket al., 2015), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices leading to improved conception and foetal health. However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence-based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility . For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. The intervention programs targeting lifestyle behavioral changes during pregnancy have been found to be of great benefit by reducing in the BMI, hence reduced chances of obesity whose causative agent is pregnancy. However, such lifestyle interventions have little impact if they are only implemented during the period of the pregnancy (A?c? and Rathfisch, 2016). For the women on their reproductive year, the intervention programs developed targets lifestyle changes involving good dietary practice and active participation in physical activities leading to reduced cases of obesity as the desired outcome. At an individual level, the behavior change involves a change of key determinants of behavior found in an individual the same can be said when group based interventions are carried out such interventions target lifestyle. Individual intervention for example weight loss programs formulated targeting the entire women population on their reproductive year university can have a direct effect on the population contrary to just an individual student. Effect of obesity on the womans reproductive choices, including effects on fertility, pregnancy, birth and parenting There is evidence that linking obesity to the women reproduction, several studies have associated obesity to sub-fertility, and findings from the research have established 6-9% of women in their reproductive age suffers from ovulatory infertility among them half are obese (Poromaa, 2015). Therefore the practice of bariatric surgery among the women in the childbearing age has increased (Edison et al., 2016). According to (Normanetal et al. (2008), the occurrence of obesity the women on their reproductive year increases the risk of low fertility rates, a prolonged time is taken to conceive, increased chances of miscarriage, and other pregnancy complications. Obesity has been associated with stigma among the pregnant women (Moussa et al., 2016; Arden et al., 2014). For example, a study conducted by (Dinsdale et al., 2016) it was noted that women who were study participants desired their individual knowledge and behavior to be accepted and shunned being classified as obese, the word obes e was has been seen as offensive due to the negative references generally allied to obesity. The same discomfort of using term obesity has been experienced by midwives due to expectation raised during the routine practice without relevant support besides different opinions have been expressed that raising the topic of obesity with the women during pregnancy may further worsen the situation by isolating more obese women from the midwifery services (Molyneaux et at., 2014). According to (Edison et al., 2016; Gormacket al., 2015;), women with fertility problem need specific intervention program that focuses on the education on suitable lifestyle choices with a view of improved health status such as reduced chances of being obese and improved foetal health (Nyman et al., 2010) . However, the results from other studies have failed to establish an association between lifestyle choices and the success of fertility treatment for women suffering from infertility according to (Rooney and Domar, 2014). Therefore, there is an urgent need for more studies to be conducted to provide evidence based information to the women on their reproductive year on how to make good lifestyle choices aimed at improving the health problems such as obesity and improved fertility. For example, a study conducted by (Gormacket al., 2015), the results revealed that women who made the right lifestyle choice and stopped or reduced alcohol consumption which is considered as risk factors t o obesity, they recorded twice the odd of becoming pregnant as compared to women of the same age who maintained their drinking habit during the fertility treatment. As suggested by Mutsaerts et al. (2016) reduction in weight loss increases conception rate and improved perinatal outcome among the women in their reproductive year. The financial implications for the woman and her family and, where applicable, the financial burden on society Obesity has been linked to a reduction in longevity and poor quality of life, the research has shown that the epidemic of obesity impacts negatively on the economies of both middle to low income countries across the world. For example, It is estimated that in the financial year 2006-07 it cost the UK government 5.8 billion to treat and manage diseases that are related to poor diet and lifestyle, to be precise the cost of treating and managing obesity cost 5.1 billion according to (Scarborough et al., 2011). The burden caused by obesity has been attributed increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease and diabetes. Women in their reproductive year experience the financial burden through the cost incurred during hospital admission and laboratory tests (Briggs et al., 2013; Scarborough et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011). The society at large also experiences the indirect financial burden due to the prevalence of obesity among the women in their reproductive period due to increased mortality, early retirement, pension due to disability and reduced productivity in the workplace. Studies have shown that financial cost incurred due to lost productivity is higher than estimated medical cost According to (Wang et al., 2011). Conclusion It is very clear from the literature review that obesity has a direct effect on the socio-economic, mental status, and lifestyle choices among the women on their reproductive age. The evidence as discussed has shown that poor lifestyle choices made by women such as sedentary life, increased consumption of alcohol, poor dietary practices negatively impacts the women fertility and reproduction life. At the same time, obesity is a source of a greater financial burden on the individuals and their family. 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